With Courage, One’s Life Is Ruled by Fear

Without courage, one’s life is ruled by fear. Discuss. Without courage, one’s life is ruled by fear. Fear is one of the most powerful emotions human beings know, it can motivate people to do incredible things. In the movie; â€Å"The Power of One† there are many that, due to the apartheid in South Africa and in the ignorant racism, lack courage. Courage is a quality that enables a person to look beyond the immediate danger and assess the possible outcomes in order to make the decision to act and achieve the desired outcome.The main character of ‘The Power of One’, P. K is sent to an Afrikaner boarding school because his mother suffers a mental breakdown. At the school, P. K is the only English boy, and seeing as the English drove the Afrikaners out of power in South Africa, they blame him for everything and P. K begins to wet the bed at night out of fear. P. K. confides in Nanny that he is wetting the bed. Nanny calls a medicine man that is said to, â€Å"make sick men well and scared men brave. The medicine man helps P. K. face his fears and overcome them. Nanny gives P. K. a chicken to take back to school, and P. K names the chicken, ‘Mother Courage’ this is a major symbol in the fact that it represents P. K’s courage and being able to overcome the fear of the other kids. P. K. gets sent to live with his grandfather who runs an Afrikaner prison. One of his grandfather’s friends Doc is asked to look after P. K. Doc is moved into a prison and P. K. goes with him and in prison P.K meets a man named Geel Piet who teaches him how to box and gives him strength, courage and power with his quote; â€Å"Little beat big when little smart, first with the head, and then with the heart. † The Afrikaner prison is riddled with fear from the African inmates towards the guards who beat them and treat them like dirt just to exert the authority given to them and to get across a point that whites are supreme co mpared to the blacks or considered a higher class of people. P. K gives the inmates courage to sing in their native language about the guards and how they no longer fear them.Geel Piet is confronted by a guard about what the inmates are singing about and just before the guard beats him to death, Piet musters the courage to stand up to the guard and be a free man. Without courage, one’s life is ruled by fear. Every one of us has courage in large amounts but it is squashed with those that are given unreasonable authority and fear an uprise. We all have courage, but sometimes it takes other people or influences such as, life threatening situations, for us to stand up and embrace the courage given to us. Without this, one’s life is ruled by fear. By Jarryd Mckellar.

Home School Community Plan

Home School Community Plan: The Home School Community Plan is based on the principle of partnership between homes, schools and communities. This partnership is characterised as â€Å"a working relationship that is characterised by a sense of purpose, mutual respect and the willingness to negotiate. This implies a sharing of information, responsibility, skills, decision-making and accountability†. (Pugh, 1989). Family-involvement programs are an effective way to facilitate partnerships between the home and the school.Programs developed by school personnel can provide a forum for parents and children to experience learning in an atmosphere quite different from the usual classroom setting. Locations for the interaction might include the school library, cafeteria, or multi-purpose room. Evening programs may take place outside the school in other community buildings. Children and parents are encouraged to participate in a series of evening activities during which they explore scien ce ideas.During the exploration, teachers take on the role of facilitator and encourage the families to look at familiar things in a different way. Families are encouraged to discover something again, for the first time. The science does not have to be high-tech or complicated. The equipment should not be sophisticated. The goal is to demystify science, to promote the notion that everyone is a scientist and everyone can do science. The content of the session should take a back seat to the promotion of the process skills.Observation, measurement, prediction, experimentation, data collection and interpretation, classification, and so on are lifelong skills that can be useful in many different contexts. Use of everyday materials will encourage families to continue their journey through the discovery process at home. Parents will soon see that their attitudes toward science have changed, and this change will ultimately impact the attitudes of their children. Children will benefit from s eeing their parents enjoying the problem-solving process.Sharing a fun-filled learning experience with their parents sends a subliminal message to children that we are all lifelong learners and that learning can be fun. Community Involvement Community support is an outgrowth of family-involvement programs. Community awareness fosters a positive belief about the school and the effectiveness of the teachers. The positive community attitude toward education often manifests itself in ways that are very important to the school community, such as the passing of school budgets, win-win negotiations of teacher contracts, and the public's feeling of pride in the municipality.Communication between the school and the community is critical to a successful relationship, as is the case in any relationship. In today's highly technological world, communication should be relatively easy to facilitate but is sometimes neglected. Some schools have set up voice-mail systems on which there is a way for parents to access school information. The information may include notices of school programs, homework hotline information, or PTA news. Usually there is a way to leave messages for individual teachers as well.Another way for the community to work closely with the school is through community volunteers. When we provide a way for non-school personnel to come into the classroom, we give parents the opportunity to recognize and respond to the problems that the classroom teacher faces every day. With increased understanding comes mutual respect. Parents are given the opportunity to volunteer their time working with students who can make significant gains when given a little more individual attention.Parents see how they can make a difference in the classroom by helping the teacher as an additional facilitator of learning. Parents who volunteer should participate in an orientation session designed to outline the role of parents in the classroom. Various options can be explored, and paren ts can choose how they feel they can best help. Suggestions range from working behind the scenes, shopping for and packaging materials that may be used in a science or math class, to working with individual students on reading skills, word recognition, or editing of writing assignments.The aims are: * To maximise active participation of the children in the schools of the scheme in the learning process, in particular those who might be at risk or failure * To promote active co-operation between home, school and relevant community agencies in promoting the educational interests of the children * To raise awareness in parents of their own capacities to enhance their children's educational progress and to assist them in developing relevant skills. To enhance the children's uptake from education, their retention in the educational system, their continuation to post-compulsory education and to third level and their attitudes to life-long learning * To disseminate the positive outcomes of the scheme throughout the school system generally. General principles govern the operation of this partnership scheme: * The scheme consists of a partnership and collaboration of the complementary skills of parents and teachers. * The scheme is unified and integrated at both primary and second levels. The thrust of the scheme is preventative rather than curative. * The focus of the scheme is on the adults whose attitudes and behaviours clash on the lives of children, namely, parents and teachers. * The basis of activities in the scheme is the identification of needs and having those needs met. * The scheme develops teacher and staff attitudes in the areas of partnership and the â€Å"whole-school† approach. * The scheme promotes the fostering of self-help and independence. * Home visitation is a crucial element in establishing bonds of trust with families. Networking with and promoting the co-ordination of the work of voluntary and statutory agencies increases effectiveness, obviates duplication and leads to an integrated delivery of service to marginalised children and their families. * Home/School/Community liaison is a full time undertaking. * The liaison co-ordinator is an agent of change. * Community ‘ownership' of the scheme is promoted through the development of local committees. Parents While the primary purpose of the scheme is the promotion of partnership in the children's learning, parents frequently identify needs which are not directly concerned with their children's education.Meeting those identified needs is a critical factor in the development of parents' awareness of their capacities and in fostering their self-confidence. Scheme activities which meet parent's needs include:- * home visitation with the objective of establishing bonds of trust with parents and families and supporting parents in the identification of their developmental needs * provision of drop-in centres and parents' rooms in schools * provision of childcare facil ities so that parents can attend scheme activities Courses and Classes on: curricular areas so that parents can assist and support their children with their school work * personal development through parenting and assertiveness training * leisure activities * aspects of educational development which range from basic literacy to certificate examination subjects and diploma courses * the development of parents as home visitors, facilitators and classroom aides. Teachers Development for teachers in the liaison scheme is in the area of developing partnership and collaboration with parents in the interests of the children's education. This development includes: the promotion and establishment of a continuity in the children's transfer from home to school, and from primary to second level * an understanding of partnership in the context of the parents' role as the primary educators of their children * the development of attitudes and behaviours regarding the complementarity of parents' an d teachers' skills, knowledge and experiences in the enhancement of children's' learning * joint policy making between parents and teachers on issues such as homework, code of positive behaviour, study skills, attendance, substance misuse and home/school/community liaison.Child Plan: 1. Nutrition/Sleep behavior 2. Medical/Dental needs 3. Body Work/Exercise 4. Self Calm/Relaxation 5. Self- Care and Self Management 6. Child Attachment/Empathy 7. Stating Wants and Feelings 8. Social Relations 9. Play/Activities/Rewards 10. Daily Living Skills 11. Talent Build/Hobbies 12. Self Esteem Building 13. Pain/Illness Management 14. Anger/Aggression Management 15. Dealing with Loss and Grief 16. Strengthening Coping 17. Self Identity/Development 18. Individual/Group Therapy 19. Medication Family/Home Plan 1. Home/Food/Job/Insurance 2. Child Care/Respite 3.Help w/ Brothers/Sisters 4. Boundaries/Structure/Routine 5. Stress Control 6. Kin/Parenting Support 7. Family Sharing Time 8. Parent/Child Spe cial Time 9. Information/Education 10. Recognition/Awards 11. Chores/Pets/Roles 12. Leisure/Recreation 13. Celebrations/Rituals/Traditions 14. Cultural/Spiritual 15. Family Service Project 16. Behavior Mgt. Training 17. Family Counseling 18. Caregiver Treatment 19. Home Support Services 20. Celebrations/Rituals/Traditions 21. Cultural/Spiritual School/Education Plan 1. Family-School Bonding 2. Attendance Strategies 3. School Stress Reduction 4.Sense of Inclusion 5. Teacher/Child Compatibility 6. Friendship Building 7. Buddy/Activity Groups 8. Mentor/Coach/Student Tutor 9. Recognition Experiences 10. Assign Helpful Tasks 11. Positive Home Notes 12. Achievements/ Projects/Portfolio 13. Build on Strengths 14. Other Success Experiences 15. Learn Strategies/Self Management 16. After School Activities/Homework 17. Other Skill Building 18. Student Ed Occupation Plan 19. Individual Health Plan/504 Plan 20. IEP-Related Services 21. Family Education/Counsel Center 22. Marketable Skill Develop ment 23. Vocation/Education/Rehabilitation 24.Transition/Closure Community Plan 1. Safety Crisis Plan 2. Care w/ Trust, Respect, Hope 3. Network Building 4. Parent Support Groups 5. Parent Information Center 6. Parks and Recreation/Camp 7. Religious Affiliation 8. Cultural Advocacy 9. Health Program/PHN 10. Mental Health 11. Services for Persons with Disabilities 12. Home Visitation 13. Mentor/Work Experience 14. Volunteer Work 15. Monitoring Progress 16. Coordination of Services 17. Core Team 18. Family/Agency Wraparound 19. Family Preservation 20. Other Human Services 21. Substance/Abuse/Gang Prevention 22. Legal Advocacy/Court

Cross Cultural Sensitization Personal Statement

Cross Cultural Sensitization - Personal Statement Example My purpose for attending the course was specifically to prepare myself for the formal learning of business management. My expectations from the course included sufficient exposure to business management concepts, to develop an aptitude for the learning of business management and an environment which is both exciting and challenging. The foundation course has done what I had envisaged before taking admission. The subjects that I have studied in Term 1 and term 2 have stimulated my mind to think as a business manager now I understand how a piece of news which may not seem to have anything to do with business or economics can have its impact on the economic or business environment. Having read the book, â€Å"Understanding organizations† by HANDY C. has provided me sufficient exposure the concepts of business management like Motivation, role, power and influence, group dynamics, leadership, organizational structure etc has stimulated my mind to think in terms of organizational co ntext. Before attending the course though I had seen lot of organizations like my school, my father’s company etc but my mind never thought on how salaries are to be decided and how do they structure the organization etc but this course has sensitized my mind to generate those questions, now looking at any organization I wonder how the roles would have been laid down, authorities delegated, people are motivated or led etc. but I am nowhere near to answer these questions and that’s where I believe my final degree in business management will help. But this foundation course has done what it was supposed to do.  

Euro Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Euro - Essay Example They introduced the Euro in non-physical electronic form at midnight on 1 January 1999. At that time, the national currencies of participating countries ceased to exist. Nevertheless, they continued as legal tender until new euro notes and coins were introduced on 1 January 2002. The changeover period lasted until 28 February 2002. The purpose of the Euro was to solidify the European economy as a whole (Gerlach and Svensson 2003). Differences cause by rounding and the use of significant digits made international trade difficult on the subcontinent itself. Plus, the institution of a unified mode of exchange augmented trade outside Europe. As a result, the European economy has become stronger both internally and externally. Compare the performance of the Euro to the U.S. dollar, for instance (Portes et al 1998). From the start, the Euro represented about one and a half times the value of the U.S. dollar. Although it has risen and fallen over the last decade, it has always remained competitive and never sunk below the value of a U.S. dollar. This indicates a robust global presence on part of the Euro. It will be interesting to observe the impact of the Euro on stabilizing our current global recession. References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. Stefan Gerlach and Lars E. O. Svensson.  Journal of Monetary Economics, Vol. 50, No. 8, November 2003, pp.

Harlem Renaissance Poets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Harlem Renaissance Poets - Essay Example It was not just any literary event but it brought up a great change in African-American culture. This movement was marked by various African-American writers, artists, and poets who produced some of the most extraordinary art work for black American artistic world. Most of the famous artists of Harlem Renaissance were affected by the double consciousness they faced after migration and this double consciousness is very much evident in their poetry. This article will discuss two of the most cherished poets of Harlem Renaissance and their contributions. Countee Cullen: Countee Cullen was one of the most famous poets in Harlem Renaissance and he is often remembered for his great contribution in African-American poetry. â€Å"Incident† is one of the most cherished poems from Harlem Renaissance. Countee Cullen tried to express his views regarding the social status and condition of African-Americans in his poems. According to English (1999), Incident is one of his most cherished creations which explain the experience of the poet while his stay in Baltimore and Cullen expressed distress of his experience in very simple manner. Langston Hughes: Langston Hughes is among the central figures of the Harlem Renaissance and this poem is the proof of his great wisdom and quality to ink his feelings. Langston Hughes was often known as a poet who loved to display the folk traditions of African-Americans. He was successful in expressing the feelings of his people and gave it a perfect literary form with his poetic skills. Unlike Cullen who ignored the African folks and their culture in his creations, Hughes left a huge impression of his love for African folks in his poems. Incident by Countee Cullen: In the initial lines of the poem, the child is happy with a joy in his eyes and his heart ready to learn the new experiences of life. But the child was called a â€Å"Nigger† by a white boy of his same age as in the

William Butler Yeats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

William Butler Yeats - Essay Example Yeats can get away with absolutely cliched poetical language like "loveliness" and still create lines of matchless significance about a woman's beauty: "How many centuries spent/The sedentary soul/In toils of measurement/Beyond eagle or mole,/Beyond hearing or seeing, Or Archimedes' guess,/To raise into being/That loveliness" (Opening song from the play Fighting the Waves). Of language he was a past master. The themes and subjects of Yeats' poetry could be varied, because he was a man of varied interests and pursuits. Yeats could combine simplicity, a concise style, and innate wisdom for commentary on war from a soldier's point of view: "I know that I shall meet my fate/Somewhere among the clouds above;/ Those that I fight I do not hate, Those that I guard I do not love;"An Irish Airman Forsees His Death, The Wild Swans at Coole. 1919). He could make a commentary on the Easter Rising in Ireland like he did with his poem Easter(1916): "Too long a sacrifice/ Can make a stone of the heart./O when may it suffice/ That is Heaven's part, our part /To murmur name upon name,/As a mother names her child /When sleep at last has come /On limbs that had run wild". Or, he could write with a deep sense of almost Wordsworthian longing for the peace and beatitude of nature: "I will arise and go now, for always night and day/ I hear lake water lapping with low sounds by the shore;/ While I stand on the roadway, or on the pavements gray,/ I hear it in the deep heart's core".(The Lake Isle of Innisfree, The Rose, 1893). In his final years, Yeats was also known to give expression of his occultist beliefs in a 2000-year cycle of existence: "The darkness drops again but now I know/ That twenty centuries of stony sleep/ Were vexed to nightmare by a rocking cradle,/ And what rough beast, its hour come round at last,/ Slouches towards Bethlehem to be born"( The Second Coming, Michael Robartes and the Dancer.1919) This range and versatility is the outcome of a lifetime of evolution, because Yeats is one of those rare breed of creative minds who can produce their best work in their waning years. Yeats was born on 13 June 1865, and came from an Anglo-Irish heritage. It was his mother who introduced him to Irish folktales which were to be an important influence on his poetry. He had ideal parents for his profession as a poet : "Yeats has told of the deep emotional reserves in his Sligo-born mother, "whose actions were unreasoning and habitual like the seasons. From his father, John Butler Yeats, a man of original mind who had been trained in the law but turned to painting and to the pre-Raphaelite enthusiasms current in the '70s and '80s, Yeats early heard that "intensity was important above all things." (Bogan, 1938) Yeats was moved to London from Ireland when he was two, and remained there for all his schooling till he enrolled in the Metropolitan School of Art in Dublin for two years in 1884, and here he saw the early beginnings of his poetry. In Dublin he made famous acquaintances like G.B. Shaw, and W.E. Henley, and soon began to publish poetry, and in 1889, came out with The Wanderings of Usheen [Oisin] which included works

Impact of Infrastructure on Logistics in the Third World Countries Research Paper

Impact of Infrastructure on Logistics in the Third World Countries - Research Paper Example As the paper declares a number of empirical studies have found that infrastructure has a positive effect on output, especially in developing countries. Returns on infrastructure investments are generally highest during the early stages of development, when infrastructure is scarce and basic networks have not been completed. Returns tend to fall with development, sometimes sharply. This paper will examine closely the effects on logistics caused by infrastructure in the developing world. This discussion stresses that transportation links together the factors of economic production in a complex web of relationships between producers and consumers. The outcome is commonly a more efficient division of production by an exploitation of geographical comparative advantages, as well as the means to develop economies of scale and scope. The productivity of space, capital and labor has been the core problem facing logistics systems in developing countries as a result of in efficiency in distribution and personal mobility. Economic growth is increasingly linked with transport developments, namely infrastructures, but also with managerial expertise, which is crucial for logistics. Although transportation is an infrastructure intensive activity, most of the countries in the Central and East Africa lack hard assets which must be supported by an array of soft assets, namely management and information systems that enhance logistic system.

Institutional Racism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Institutional Racism - Essay Example This paper illustrates that in 2004, statistics indicated that per capita income for Whites, African Americans, and Hispanics in the USA are $25,203, $16035, and $14,106 respectively. Similarly, the 2005 unemployment rate for Whites, African Americans and Hispanics was 4%, 8.5%, and 4.5% respectively. Those covered by private health insurance for Whites, African Americans and Hispanics for the same period were 71.4%, 53.9%, and 41.7% respectively. The education sector also suffers from institutional racism. Education continues to gain value in modern society and parents would like their children to get the best possible quality of education. Consequently, there has been an increase in the number of international students seeking further education in foreign continents such as America and Europe. Education in these continents is perceived to be of higher quality. These students are presented with unique opportunities for international exposure even as they greatly contribute to the ec onomic growth of the host countries. At the same time, international students are faced with a myriad of challenges beyond their control and sometimes they have to endure until the end of their studies. Institutional racism refers to patterns in the society whereby adverse, unfavorable or oppressive conditions are applied towards certain identifiable groups based on their race, ethnicity and skin color. As an international student from the United Arab Emirates and studying at the University of Massachusetts Lowell, the author encountered institutionalized racism in various forms, to the detriment of international students. They have incidences for instance where black and other colored students are physically abused by their white counterparts on campus. A recent episode of open campus racism occurred when some students believed to belong to a fraternity threw a party in commemoration of Martin Luther King’s birth and black students were mocked. Nonblack students donned loose -fitting basketball shirts, flashed signs of gangs and drunk from hollowed-out watermelons to send a message of mockery to their black counterparts. Although the entire student fraternity received the incident with disbelief, outrage, and contempt, it showed how deep racism is institutionalized in the education system.

Disability Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Disability Paper - Essay Example There is a requirement to provide education in the least restrictive environment. According to Kaplan et. al. (2007), "BU failed to demonstrate that it met its duty of seeking appropriate reasonable accommodations for learning disabled students with difficulty in learning foreign languages by considering alternative means and coming to a rationally justifiable conclusion that the available alternativewould lower academic standards or require substantial program alteration." "On May 26, 2006, in School Board of Henrico County VA v. R.T., a minor, Judge Robert Payne of the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Virginia issued an extensive pro-child decision on behalf of RT, a child with autism, in a tuition reimbursement case" ("Court Cases of Interest," 2009). In this case, the student was awarded funding because the school system did not give the child an appropriate educational program ("Court Cases of Interest," 2009). This is similar to Guckenberger II in the way that the education being provided was inappropriate for the students' needs. According to Wright (2005), in another court case, Schaffer v.

Medea Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Medea Greek Mythology Essay When Medea decides to take matters in to her own hands, about punishing the people who have done wrong to her, she is accused of wanting not justice—vengeance. Because I am not a native of neither Corinth nor Colchis, I have my own view about her motives. However, I would agree with the Corinthian Women, Medea is seeking vengeance; not justice. Some people might argue that Medea is seeking justice. When in actuality, Medea wants vengeance. The opposition would say justice took place because the Gods allowed Medea the time to perform her various acts. Although these things happened Medea turned to vengeance when she took it upon herself to kill Creon and his daughter Creusa. Even the chorus, the â€Å"ideal spectators†, implies that Creon is a poor king when, after he banishes Medea, the First Corinthian Woman sympathizes, â€Å"I am of Corinth and I say that Corinth is not well ruled. †(1. 214-216). This quote gives us proof that Medea has some sort of reason to seek revenge on Creon. However she lets her hatred exceed its boundaries and allows herself to take the lives of the King of Corinth and its Princess all because they chose Jason over her. In addition, her actions all prove that she wants Jason to do more than pay for hurting her. She wants him to suffer at the fate of her own children. Her revenge was selfish. Medea involved the two things she knew would hurt Jason the most—her own children. According to the First Corinthian Woman, â€Å"It would be better for you, Medea if the earth opened her jaws and took you down into darkness. But one thing you will not do, for you cannot, you will not hurt your own children, though wrath like plague-boils aches, your mind in a fire-haze bites the purple apples of pain. No blood-lapping beast of the field, she-bear nor lioness, nor the lean wolf-bitch, hurts her own tender whelps; nor the yellow-eyed, seythe-beaked, and storm shouldered eagle that tears the lambs has ever made prey of the fruit of her own tree. †(2. 115-126). Keep in mind that the Corinthian Women are the conscious of Corinth. Through this quote the First Corinthian Women has stated that Medea could not harm her own children. She even gives examples of the most dangerous predators that don’t even harm their own young. This is evidence that Medea went beyond the state of justice; but she went well into the state of vengeance. Medea knew what she was doing and quite frankly she could care less about anything other than what she thought of what was seeking revenge on Jason. In conclusion, vengeance was sought by Medea. She went above the fact of teaching Jason a lesson; she even stated she hated Jason more than she loved her children. Answer this question is what Medea has done entertaining or morally instructive?

Marketing strategy of Kimberly Clark corporation

Marketing strategy of Kimberly Clark corporation Kimberly-Clark Corporation has incorporated in Delaware in 1928. The Corporation is a global health and hygiene company focused on product innovation and building its personal care, consumer tissue, K-C Professional Other and health care brands .The global brands are Huggies, Pull-Ups, Little Swimmers, GoodNites, Kotex, Lightdays, Depend, Poise, Hakle, Page, WypAll, Kimtech, KleenGuard and Kimcare. A number of the Corporations products, such as diapers, training and youth pants, incontinence care products, disposable wipes and various health care products as Nonwovens, Surgical Drapes and Gowns, Infection Control Products, Face Masks, Digestive Health, Pain Management and Other Disposable Medical Devices. The Corporation is organized into operating segments based on product groupings. These operating segments have aggregated into four reportable global business segments: Personal Care; Consumer Tissues-C Professional Other; and Health Care. Personal care products group is a leading business group. The products are sold under a variety of brand names, including Huggies, Pull-Ups, Little Swimmers, GoodNites, Kotex, Lightdays, Depend, Poise and other brand names. This group contributed 44 % revenues by business and leaded revenues in 2009. Corporate responsibility: VOLUNTARILY PERFORMING SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY ACTIVITIES At the core of Kimberly-Clarks values lies a commitment to caring for the communities where the corporation lives and works . From 25 North American hometowns to the 35 countries in which the corporation operate, the employees are steeped in the traditions and activities of each community. Through the philanthropic efforts and partner organizations, K-C is committed to creating a better life for families around the world, strengthening the communities and being a responsible steward of the environment. In 2009, K-C and the employees donated a total of $22.7 million in cash and product to causes worldwide and more than $900,000 to match time volunteered by U.S. employees as part of the Community Partners program. THE CHALLENGE OF SUSTAINABILITY K- C changes to reduce product packaging in 2009 in Korea and U.S and Europe In Korea: With the Korean Ministry of Environments policy to reduce packaging, Yuhan-Kimberly has signed a voluntary pact to reduce secondary packaging between 2008 and 2012. In 2009, Yuhan-Kimberly changed the packaging of feminine sanitary napkins to a lighter material by using a plastic bag instead of paper. In U.S. and Europe: Kimberly-Clark Professional launched new refill packs for Scott facial tissues. The innovative refill packs contain 14 percent more tissues than existing cartons at no extra cost to the customer, and with no added storage space. CLIMATE CHANGE With goal is to achieve a year-on-year reduction of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions per unit of global production for manufacturing and emissions related to U.S. product transportation.Kimberly-Clark is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by increasing energy efficiency at manufacturing sites and finishing product distribution. Many strategy have done such as : Developing a Global Climate Change Management Strategy for K-C in 2008. Using units report their growth plans through 2015 to project emissions for each business and for the company as a whole to set a corporate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target. GHG emissions from manufacturing decreased more than 7 percent between 2005 and 2009 The Global Sustainability Strategy Team helps business units to implement measures and report their progress . THE COMPANY ENGAGES WITH EXTENAL STAKEHOLDER The company engages with a wide range of stakeholders investors, consumers, employees, communities, non-governmental organizations . Customers, shoppers and users : Environmental campaigns, e.g. recycling stations in Wal-Mart stores in Costa Rica and consumer education in Taiwan Product labeling , including environmental labels such as the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) logo Online information e.g. ANDREX sustainability zone and HUGGIES sustainability website Suppliers : Sustainability guide for suppliers Communication of our fiber policy Supplier Sustainability Summits Governments and Non-governmental organizations Meetings between mill staff and local government officials, e.g. on discharge permits to air and water, incentives for energy reductions World Business Council for Sustainable Development work including Sustainable Forest and Paper Initiative, Future Leaders Team, water, and ecosystems Contribution to industry initiatives such as industry body, EDANAs sustainability reports THE CRISIS MANAGEMENT : The world faced the largest global economic downturn in more than 70 years which brought extraordinary challenges and opportunities for Kimberly-Clark.Global economic conditions could continue to adversely affect the Corporations business and financial results.Unfavorable economic conditions, including the impact of recessions in the United States and throughout the world, may continue to negatively affect the Corporations business and financial results.Significant increases in prices for raw materials, energy, transportation and other necessary supplies and services could adversely affect the Corporations financial results.Increases in the cost of and availability of raw materials, including pulp and petroleum-based materials, the cost of energy, transportation and other necessary services, supplier constraints, an inability to maintain favorable supplier arrangements and relations or an inability to avoid disruptions in production output caused by events such as natural disasters, power outages, labor strikes, and the like could have an adverse effect on the Corporations financial results. Kimberly-Clark team reacted quickly and focused on cost reduction, margin improvement and cash flow..At the same time, the corporation has continued to take steps to build for the future and drive sustainable, long-term growth for our shareholders while leading the world in essentials for a better life. Kimberly-Clark Corporation delivered all-time record cash flow. This outstanding cash generation allowed Kimberly-Clark to invest more than $750 million in strategic acquisitions in targeted growth initiatives and organic sales about 3 percent and improved corporations profitability, which translated into a 12 percent increase in earnings per share. STRATEGIES Company strategies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manage portfolio to balance growth, profitability and cash flow à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Invest in brands, innovation and growth initiatives Business Unit Strategies Win globally in personal care: K-C will grow its strong positions in this high-margin business by leveraging its powerful brands and providing winning innovations. Targeted growth and margin improvement in consumer tissue: K-C will bring differentiated, value-added innovations to grow and strengthen its brands while focusing on net realized revenue, improving mix and reducing costs. Drive rapid growth throughout K-C international (KCi), with a particular focus on china, Russia and Latin America: K-Cs business in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, Eastern Europe and Africa will continue to execute targeted expansion and growth plans, take advantage of attractive market opportunities and deploy K-Cs strong brands and innovation capabilities. Grow in higher margin segments in K-C professional (KCp) and health care: K-C will continue to shift mix to faster-growing, higher-margin segments within KCp and health care, including safety and wiping in kcp and medical devices in health care. Leveraging the power of K-Cs brands: K-C has increased strategic marketing spending by nearly $300 million over the last five years and plans to continue to accelerate spending faster than sales through 2015 to support product innovation, growth in KCI and to further improve brand equity and market share. Innovate: K-C has a strong legacy of innovation. In fact, we have created five of the eight major consumer product categories in which we compete. K-Cs innovation philosophy is based on identifying insights into what consumers and end-users want and need and then translating those insights into innovative solutions that generate growth. Innovation investments going forward will focus on improving existing brands, enhancing margins and exploring new category opportunities. VISION, MISSION, GOAL Vision To enhance the Health, Hygiene and Well Being of People Everywhere, Every day. Mission To enhance the Health and Hygiene of people in Africa through quality, trusted and intelligent solutions that clean, care and protect.

An Analysis of the Sources of Disagreements between David Cole & Attorn

These two articles, one, an address by Attorney General John Ashcroft to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, and the other, an article written by David Cole that appeared on the Amnesty International web site, deal with the ethics and Constitutionality of the United Stated Patriot Act. David Cole, a professor at Georgetown University Law Center, argues that the Patriot Act violates citizen’s civil rights and unfairly imprisons innocent individuals. Attorney General John Ashcroft counters that the Patriot Act is justified as a preventive measure to aid in the war on terrorism. Differences in Facts/Interpretation of Facts Both authors try to put an exact number on the number of individuals that have been detained sine the inception of the Patriot Act to suit their respective arguments. David Cole states that the Justice Department had the number at 1,147 less than two months into the Justice Department’s investigation. The Justice Department, according to Cole, reportedly â€Å"responded by simply stopping its practice of announcing the running tally† (p3) due to â€Å"mounting criticism over the scope of the roundup†. (p3) Attorney General John Ashcroft gives a substantially lower number of individuals. In three month’s time, he states that 60 individuals had been placed into federal custody, and that 563 have been detained due to immigration violations. (p17) Attorney General John Ashcroft states that the Patriot Act is Constitutionally sound, and that he and the Justice Departmen...

Why Do The Terrorists Hate Us? :: Terrorists, Terrorism

"We have met the enemy and he is us." -- Walt Kelly   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some politicians view ISIS as a snake and â€Å"If you cut of the head of the snake the rest will wither.† I view ISIS as more of a hydra than a snake, in that cutting one head off will only cause another to grow in its place. And while destroying ISIS would be welcomed by the American people it would hardly be the end of our problems. That action would just inspire more religious fanatics. They also love martyrs; it would only had fuel to the fire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Why do they hate us? What is the reason for thousands of lost lives and millions of dollars in destruction? It can be broken down into 5 different reasons. Wealth, Power, viewed as the world police, our freedoms, and our Middle East policy. Why should hate be put upon a country with wealth? Success is a short step to wealth and with that comes jealousy. In our economic development we have worked with a small frame growth, in that, we use the economy to work for us and rarely include other countries. If we showed other third world counties to develop an economic system, like we did to China, they would also enjoy the feeling of wealth. With that though would come completion to America? Our power is hated. Our power in the military, our power in the culture we have and our power in the economy we use. This is the main reason we are hated. We are seen as a goliath that bosses around other countries, taking out governments we don’t like and putting others in. We did that to Iran, Saudi Arabia, Chilly and Panama. We pulled out of the Keocto proto call because it was not in our economy frame. We are seen as a country that only thinks about our self’s and has no concern for other countries. Our freedom to talk, dress, act, and worship as we please is seen in some areas of the Middle East as a weakness. We are â€Å"ungodly† and our women are viewed as sluts. We are considered a great Satan of the world. Our fore fathers died to make this country free of religious percussion and fought on the idea of freedom. These deaths and ideals are falling on deaf ears in parts of the Middle East.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Our Middle East policy is viewed as one sided.

Chipotle

Sec. 002 Team 1| GB 214 Operations Analysis: Chipotle Mexican Grill | Assignment 3: Supply Chain| | 1. Major Components/Inputs of the Product & Suppliers Chipotle uses several suppliers when ordering and receiving their food products. Chipotle’s main objective is to provide food with organic and naturally grown backgrounds. Because of these values, Chipotle prides itself in using suppliers that follow their guidelines of â€Å"food with integrity† structure, by meeting the requirements and goals for food safety, animal welfare, sustainability, and social accountability. Chipotle’s customer service manager, Shannon Kyllo, stated in her email that the company continuously changes its suppliers to source the best ingredients and also provided a list of their vegetable and dairy product suppliers. Calavo growers, Index Fresh and Mission Avacados supply Avacados to Chipotle, and their Romaine lettuce and cilantro suppliers are Taylor farms and Church Brothers. Daisy a nd Smith Dairy supply Chipotle with Sour Cream and the company gets its supply of cheese from Meister Cheese, Petaluma Cheese and Glanbia. Coca-Cola is Chipotle’s supplier for beverages and has had this contract since McDonalds were Chipotle’s main investors. 3 Also, the Mcilhenny Company supplies Tobasco as a condiment for Chipotle. 4 The industry leaders in Fast-food restaurant kitchen appliances are Southbend, Globe, Frymaster, Blodgett, Food Service Warehouse and Insigner. These companies are the top players who supply kitchen appliances to the major fast-food Chains, like Chipotle. 5 2. Type of Supply Chain and ServicesChipotle’s supply chain is unique from other fast casual restaurants and service firms, and does not have a set traditional supply chain. Of the four main supply chains, Chipotle’s supply chain resembles the Assemble-To-Order (ATO) supply chain the closest. This is because the customer has complete freedom of what ingredients go into t heir burrito/bowl/salad/etc. , but only with the ingredients that are behind the counter. So in that case, there is not complete freedom in designing a meal, but the customer can choose and amount of ingredients to be included in their food item.However, this is not set in stone, for their supply chain also contains elements of other supply chain methods, such as the Build-To-Order (BTO) supply chain, for the customer has some opportunity in the customization of their product (meal), but are limited to the design parameters (set ingredients) set by the firm. The stages of Chipotle’s supply are fairly simple. It starts with the acquisition of the raw materials (ingredients) that are shipped to one of their 22 independently owned distribution centers. 6 These ingredients come from within a 350 mile radius of the distribution center.The ingredients are then shipped out to the restaurants, where all of the ingredients are prepared in-house with the exception of the barbacoa and t he beans. Once the ingredients arrive at the restaurant, they are prepared and placed out ready to be made into burritos/bowls/salads/etc. When a customer comes to a Chipotle, they simply wait in line, then once at the counter, go down the assembly line of ingredients and chose which specific ones they want to include in their meal. When they are finished constructing their item, they pay the cashier and either take their meal to-go or have a seat in the dining area in the restaurant. 3. Supply Diagram (See Attachment 1) 4. Supple Chain/ Operations Strategy Chipotle believes that their unrelenting effort to revolutionize fast food through their unique way of production and people cultures will help them to move forward in building a valuable company for their stakeholders. 6 Chipotle focuses on its product differentiation, market segmentation, operational excellence, and customer intimacy. 6 The product assembler to customer stage in chipotle’s supply chain directly aligns wi th its focus on operational excellence and customer intimacy in its operations strategy. Chipotle explains their goal of operational excellence with its statement, â€Å"The natural flow of our restaurant layout, including the floor plan and the design of our serving line, are designed to make the food ordering process intuitive and, we believe, more efficient. † The customers deal somewhat directly with the manufacturers of chipotle’s product in their stores with the assembly line. 6 Customers have limited choice in overall product but some choice in the specification (ingredients that go in their order) of the product. The assembly line allows customers to get their food fast and assemble then limitedly build their order. 6 All of this allows for a high degree of customer intimacy during the service. 6 The raw materials to distributor to product assembler stages reflect with chipotle’s focus on product differentiation and market segmentation. 6 Chipotleâ€℠¢s strategy is influenced by the fast and high quality food market. 6 Chipotle states, â€Å"Serving high quality food while still charging reasonable prices is critical to our vision to change the way people think about and eat fast food. 6 Chipotle serves â€Å"food with integrity† and part of the way they make this possible is with their supply chain. 6 The raw materials stage is the suppliers/outsourcers that provide the high quality ingredients that go into Chipotle’s product. 6 These go to distribution centers (distributor), which are all relatively close to the product assemblers (stores). 6 The food is then prepared by the product assemblers. 6 This allows Chipotle to have high quality, fresh food and makes them specialize in product differentiation. 6 5. Outsourced ActivitiesChipotle mentions that it currently sources most of its key ingredients like chicken, pork and beef from a limited number of suppliers. 6 But at the same time chipotle ventured into local outsourcing in 2008 when they launched a pilot program to outsource all its organic pork products for its Charlottesville, Va. , location from a local supplier, Polyface farms. 8 They felt that using local organizations to outsource would help them have fresh ingredients and ensure that the respective source follows their â€Å"food with integrity† motto. After the initial success of Chipotle, the executives realized that they had to improve one of their products — the shredded pork which they used in almost all their food items. 9 This is when Chipotle found an advertisement for the farmers of Niman Ranch, a pork supplying company. 9  Steve Ellis took interest in this supplier after he sampled some of its organically grown products. 9 Chipotle’s spokesman, Chris Arnold, stated after Ellis tried the pork: â€Å"What so impressed Ellis, in addition to the quality of Niman Ranch pork, was the way in which the Calif. based company raised its animals, from feedi ng practices to the land on which the hogs roamed. †9 The Niman Ranch experience completely changed the way Chipotle selected from their food suppliers, them having contracts with ranches in the Midwest for pork and livestock helped them cover a larger geographic region and facilitate the demand for Chipotle Mexican Grill. 9 Along with Niman Ranch, Canadian suppliers and duBreton Farms also supply pork to Chipotle. â€Å"Most of the chicken on the menu is supplied by Bell & Evans of Fredericksburg, Pa. , which also supplies to natural and organic retailers like Whole Foods.Chipotle gets its beef primarily from Loveland, Colo. -based Meyer Natural Angus and Golden, Colo. -based Coleman Natural Meats, in addition to smaller processors†. 9 6. Other Activities That Could Be Outsourced Chipotle produces several of their food products in house. After obtaining the necessary raw materials from outsourcing activities and suppliers, Chipotle then creates their signature salsa, g uacamole, crispy tacos, and tortilla chips. 10 These items are produced at least twice a day (Harris). Chipotle chooses not to use a supplier or outsourcing partner to make each of these products for specific and different reasons.For example, Chipotle's salsa is made internally to ensure a unique customization process (Harris). 11 Because Chipotle offers 4 different flavors and spiciness of salsa, Chipotle restaurants create their own salsa to offer customers a variety of choices that cannot be accurately duplicated by external outlets (Harris). 11 Guacamole is also prepared in house to provide Chipotles' customers with the best flavor possible. Chips and crispy tacos are internally created for the same reasons. 12 Chipotle takes pride in freshly preparing these signature items as well.As noted by customer service agent, Shannon Kyllo, Chipotle creates these in house items because of CEO Ellis's background within the culinary field and Chipotle's strive to produce fresh food the wa y they see fit, stating, â€Å"We're perfectionists. . . he [Ellis] is first and foremost a chef and he wants to maintain a high standard. . . They [Chipotle] have a saying that if you want to do something right, you have do it yourself so that is what we do† (Kyllo). 13 Because of Chipotle's internal processes, the restaurant chain believes it is producing the best and most unique experience at every location (Kyllo). 3 See Attachment 1 Work Cited 1. http://www. chipotle. com/en-US/talk_to_us/supplier/supplier. aspx 2. Shannon Kyllo. â€Å"Supplier list†. Email to Shrivats Agarwal. 22 Feb. 2012. 3. http://academic. mintel. com/display/294296/? highlight=true#hit1 4. http://www. rehobothfoodie. com/index. php/Rehoboth-Beach-Reviews/Mexican/chipotle-mexican-grill. html 5. http://www. foodservicewarehouse. com/equipment/c3040. aspx 6. http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/1058090/000119312511039010/d10k. htm 7. http://www. triplepundit. com/2011/06/chipotle-moves-loca l-sourcing/ 8. ttp://grist. org/sustainable-farming/protein-we-only-serve-white-meat-here-excerpt/ 9. Petrak, Lynn. â€Å"Food With Integrity. † National Provisioner 221. 9 (2007): 22-26. Business Source Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. 10. http://angelagarbes. com/2011/03/01/food-with-integrity-short-on-humanity/ 11. Ronnette, Harris. â€Å"Reply from Chipotle . † Message to Cam Amoroso. 20 Feburary 2013. E-mail. 12. http://www. chipotle. com/en-US/menu/fresh_cooking/fresh_cooking. aspx 13. Shannon, Kyllo. â€Å"Reply from Chipotle . † Message to Cam Amoroso. 21 Feburary 2013. E-mail.

Determination of the Fundamental Electronic Charge

ELECTROLOYSIS OF WATER: DETERMINATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC CHARGE PURPOSE: The fundamental electronic charge of water will be determined. A system of collecting the formation of H2 and O2 using two inverted glass collections tubes and a 1-L beaker filled with water will be setup. An electrolyte (H2SO4) will be added to water to make it an electrical conductor. A small amount of electricity will be applied to the water (roughly 400 mA) to oxidize the oxygen and reduce the hydrogen at the same time. The molecular hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will be trapped in the separated, inverted tubes so that their volumes can be measured.In comparing the volume of gases produced, applying Dalton’s Law and the Ideal Gas Equation along with the application of the stoichiometric ratio between the electron and the gases, the fundamental electronic charge will be determined. THEORY H+ ions will join together at the cathode (the negative electrode) to produce H Atoms, and the H at oms will join to form molecules of H2 gas. At the positive electrode (the anode), H20 molecules will decompose to replace the H+ ions lost and release O2 gas. The reactions appear below. H+(aq) + 2e- —> H2(g) Reduction (at the cathode) 2H20(l) —> 4H+(aq) + O2(g) + 4e-Oxidation (at the anode) The volume of H2 and O2 will be directly proportional to the time and current applied to the system. This will provide the number of electrons consumed on a stoichiometric ratio as follows: 1 H2(g) to 2 e-Reduction (at the cathode)(1) 1 O2(g) to 4 e-Oxidation (at the anode)(2) The moles of electrons can be expressed as a rearrangement of the Ideal Gas Equation: Ne = PV/RT(3) Where P = pressure in atm, V = volume in L, R = Gas Constant of 0. 08206 atm mol-1 K-1 and T = temperature in KelvinThe actual electronic charge of water will be calculated as follows: e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric ratio (1) or (2) above Where i = current in amps, t = time in seconds, Ne = moles of electrons passing through the circuit from equation (3) and N = Avogadro’s number. The actual electronic charge will be compared to the theoretical charge of 1. 603Ãâ€"10-19 Coulombs. 1. Convert height of the solution into mm Hg to get the hydrostatic pressure (pressure due to the liquid left in the gas collection tube): height of solution x density of solution density of mercury 2. tmospheric pressure in the room – hydrostatic pressure = Ptotal (total pressure exerted by the gas trapped in the gas collection tubes) 3. a)Ptotal (total pressure) = PH2 + PH20or Ptotal = PO2 + PH20 b) PH2 = Ptotal – PH20 c)PH2 / 760 = Patm (Pressure) 4. Ne = PV/RT 5. e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric ratio | | Run 1| Run1| | Run 2| Run 2| | | – (cathode)| + (anode)| | – (cathode)| + (anode)| | | Tube 2| Tube 1| | Tube 2| Tube 1| | | H2| O2| | H2| O2| Run Time in seconds|   | 987. 13| 987. 13| | 1102. 82| 1102. 82| Average Current|   | 0. 303| 0. 303| | 0. 277| A| Height of S olution| Hsol mm| 400. | 325. 0 | | 81. 5 | 314. 2 | Volume of gas produced| Vgas (mL)| 40. 10 | 19. 72 | | 40. 10 | 19. 80 |   | Vgas (L)| 0. 04010 | 0. 01972 | | 0. 04010 | 0. 01980 | Temperature of solution| C| 24. 0 | 24. 0 | | 25. 6 | 25. 6 |   | Kelvin| 297. 15 | 297. 15 | | 298. 75 | 298. 75 | Vapour pressure of water | mm Hg| 22. 377 | 22. 377 | | 24. 617 | 24. 617 | Atmospheric pressure| Patm mm Hg| 770. 50 | 770. 50 | | 770. 50 | 770. 50 |   | Patm| 0. 94567 | 0. 95293 | | 0. 97354 | 0. 95103 | hhg hydrostatic pressure (mm Hg)|   | 29. 41 | 23. 90 | | 5. 99 | 23. 0 | Ptotal (mm Hg) in the tube|   | 741. 09 | 746. 60 | | 764. 51 | 747. 40 | PH2 (mm Hg)|   | 718. 71 |   | | 739. 89 |   | PO2 (mm Hg)|   |   | 724. 23 | |   | 722. 78 | | | | | | | | moles gas n (rearranged Ideal Gas Equation) Ne = PV/RT| 0. 001555 | 0. 0007707 | | 0. 001592 | 0. 0007681 | e- = it/NeN|   | 3. 194E-19| 6. 445E-19| | 3. 185E-19| 6. 604E-19| stoichiometric ratio| Final| 1. 597E-19| 1. 611E-19| | 1. 593E-19| 1. 651E-19| | theoretical| 1. 603E-19| 1. 603E-19| | 1. 603E-19| 1. 603E-19| | Difference| -6. 193E-22| 8. 166E-22| | -1. 028E-21| 4. 801E-21| | % Error| -0. 4%| 0. 5%| | -0. 6%| 3. 0%|

Water Scarcity

Abstract Well, human is facing a serious challenge of water resource which will be delectated. Therefore I collect some reference from Internet. My thesis is that I will use increase water supply as my original solution which transfers the salt sea water into fresh water. (Water solution methods in appendices)The purpose is searching how to reduce water scarcity in my country. Besides, I will talk about three issues the uneven distribution, water pollution and hard water in China, then I am supposed to provide one method which is desalination to dress the scarcity.My method can transport the 97% sea water to the fresh water in order to solve the water scarcity. Introduction Now people have witnessed the rapid development of the world through using a lot of nature resources like oil, coal and water. The environment problem becomes more serious, for example the 20 lakes in China dry up each year. Over the past 50 years country has lost more than 1000 natural water reservoirs. This is a lmost 10000 km2of the water surface. The main reason of this is the active development of industry.China overuses fresh water. Industrial waste water entering the lakes contains chemical compounds came from metallurgy, textile, pharmaceutical, food, pulp and paper industries. (G. T. Frumin, 2011)For the whole world, if people don’t have water, human cannot survive anymore. Absolutely, water is dominative in biosphere as a whole, like the water circulation, climate, agriculture and so forth. Every animal in the earth cannot alive without water; also water is an excellent solvent which can transport the nutrient and waste products.Actually, the water is transparent to visible and ultraviolet light. This means that (pure) water is colorless and allows light to penetrate, thus allowing photosynthesis to take place at considerable depths. That are why water is so important in biosphere. Let’s see the history of the water scarcity. If we trace the origin of the point, I thin k we can say the First Industry Revolution. After Britain open the world and do into a fast-paced development. Myriad resources have been used to invent the technologies, involving water.After that, many countries waste plenty of water in order to become stronger. Some now many countries are depleted the water. Hence, my purpose is searching how to reduce water scarcity in China. The thesis statement is that I will use method that increase water supply as my original method which transfer the salty water into fresh water. Methodology My topic is that discusses the issues and serves a practical method for the problem. In order to make the information convincing, I have found several websites information to embody the topic.I will search for issues, the uneven water distribution, water pollution, and hard water, and find some current action solving the problems. Then, I will suggest some laws and suggests for the water scarcity. Besides, I will use folder and charts to clear my inform ation. The research can me understand the problems and solution. It is because various and accurate information might indicate a significant number of factors about issues meanwhile tremendous detail also might confirm it. Finding Table 1. 0 water issues affecting China today |description |Current plan | |Issue 1 |Water is uneven distribute |transfer the water from south to the north | |Issue 2 |Water pollution |Harness and formulate more laws( organization) | |Issue 3 |Some water can not drink ( salty , hard) | Chemical reaction |As you can see from the table, although China is a big country, it still meets 3 main fresh water issues. Firstly, the amount of fresh water for everyone is very small. Although the China accounted for approximate 6% amount fresh water resource in the world, the average of each Chinese people is lower than the average of world (around 20%). It is because there is a substantial proportion of land in China (thirst in world) meanwhile there is a sizable perce ntage of population in china (about13 billion). China supports 20 percent of the world population with only 7 percent of its water.China has roughly the same amount of water as the United States but five times the population. The shortages are particularly acute in northern China where half the population lives with only 15 percent of China’s water. (Jeffrey Hays 2013) As a consequence, the fresh water resource might distribute unbalanced in difference areas in China. For example, in Beijing, Hangzhou, the big south cities in China, people have lot water, so they always waste the water and don’t build the awareness of saving water. But in some dry places, like Shanxi, the rural people even have no water to drink. It is unfair for people in those areas. Uneven distribution water graph in the appendices) Secondly, water pollution and water stress is reached a primary issue in a massive amount of city in China. Water shortages and water pollution in China are such a probl em that the World Bank warns of â€Å"catastrophic consequences for future generations. † To be more exact that there were total of 600 cities was investigated and around 400 cities witnessed huge water pollution or water stress. Half of China’s population lacks safe drinking water. Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. Jeffrey Hays 2012) Ultimately, another water issue is that there is a considerable quantity of water which cannot be used efficiently by numerous citizen and manufacture. For example, the water is too hard to drink. In my hometown, Zhengzhou, the water is hard, if the water is boiling, there always lefts a lot of water logging which means the water contains many Ca and Mg. In America, since 1972, they have published the law about the water scarcity and safety. But China doesn’t have the completely law to limit the water scarcity. There have three methods to solve all the problems.According to uneven water distribution, China has run a method that transports the water from rich south area to the poor north area. Thus, people who live in north can have more water. Second, here are many solutions are suggested in China. A famous project named South-to-North Water Diversion Project (NSBD. 2008,) is established in 2000s in China which is used to relive the water stress of northern areas like Shanxi; meanwhile a significant number of money is invested to clean the water which had contaminated and project the recent fresh water.Third, the water in many cities cannot eat because it is hard and salty. So, China now uses some chemical to moderate the hard water and spill some wells to help people drink more fresh water. Discussion I prefer to increase water supply as my original solution . People now have invented many ways to address the scarcity of water problems. I have discussed three in my finding. According to the fir st issue which is the uneven water distribution, I think the desalination method is the most useful way, and I believe it can solve the problem of the shortage of the water.Water desalination is the removal of salts and dissolved solids from saline water (brackish or seawater), also known as Desalting or Desalinization. In addition to the removal of minerals, the process removes most biological or organic chemical compounds. Most desalination processes are based either on thermal distillation or membrane separation technologies. (SWP2011) Seawater desalination is an increasingly important solution to the rising water scarcity afflicting many of the world's regions. In the world, the proportion of sea water is 97. 47%, the fresh water is only 2. 3%. So if human can transfer this huge amount sea water to fresh water, human will have more fresh water to drink, and survive. Many countries like mid eat and more than 125 countries have attempted these way, because it is economical and eff icient. More than 70 % people live near the sea in 120 miles. Besides, the water in the earth is 78%. Thus, it is a really large number for the water scarcity. Human can use less money and get more water in the future. The countries have experimented many times and this method has become more perfect. Conclusion and RecommendationIn the statement of findings, I created a new solution of using fresh water effectively, I believe it will be enacted by government, because this solution needs a few investments, but it might a huge advantage of making more fresh water in the future. Through using desalination methods, people can transfer the 97% sea water into fresh water for people. As I said, it is a huge potential area for water scarcity. If these can completely use in China, people in the dry areas will have water to drink and survive. Reference G. T. Frumin (2011) Fresh water lakes in China. [Online]. Available at: http://wenku. baidu. om/view/9d4aa2be65ce050876321339. html [Accessed 9 March 2013] Jeffrey Hays (2013) FACTS AND DETAILS [Online]. Available at: http://factsanddetails. com/china. php? itemid=317 [Accessed 9 March 2013] Jeffrey Hay (2012) FACTS AND DETAILS [Online] Available at: http://factsanddetails. com/china. php? itemid=391 [Accessed 9 March 2013] NSBD (2008) China daily [Online] Available at: http://usa. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-12/05/content_15989621. htm [Accessed 9 March 2013] SWP (2011) International decade for action ‘water for life’ 2005-2015 [Online]. Available at: http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. html [Accessed 9 March 2013] Appendices Chart 2. 0 Water supply in the world [pic] Table 2. 0 Water solution | |Water supply |Water demand | |Increase water supply |increase |same | |Decrease water supply |same |decrease | |both |increase |decrease | Water Scarcity Global Water Scarcity – Problems And Solutions Posted: 23. 12. 2009 author: Tater, Prof. Dr. Sohan Raj Importance of Water Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural resource that sustains our environments and supports livelihood. Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. The vast majority of the Earth’s water resources are salty water, with only 2. % being fresh water. Approximately 70% of fresh water available on planet is in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland leaving the remaining 0. 7% of total water resources worldwide available for consumption. However from this 0. 7%, roughly 87% is allocated to agricultural purposes. These statistics are particularly illustrative of the drastic p roblem of water scarcity facing humanity. Water scarcity is defined as per capital supplies less than 1700 M3/year. The comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture revealed that one in three people are already facing water shortage (2007).Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity, while another 1. 6 billion people, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic water shortage (where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers); nearly all of which are in the developing countries. Agriculture is a significant cause of water scarcity in much of the world since crop production requires upto 70 times more water than is used in drinking and other domestic purposes.The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. The amount of water in the world is finite. The number of us is growing fast and our water use is growing even faster. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now. By 2025, this is expected to rise to two-third. The UN recommends that people need a minimum of 50 litres of water a day for drinking, washing, cooking and sanitation. In 1990, over a billion people did not have even that. Causes of Global water CrisisThere are four main factors aggravating water scarcity: * Population Growth: In the last century, world population has tripled. It is expected to rise from the present 6. 5 billions to 8. 9 billions by 2050. Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century, and although there is no global water scarcity as such, an increasing number of regions are chronically short of water. * Increased urbanization will focus on the demand for water among an over more concentrated population. Asian citizen alone are expected to grow by 1 billion people in the next 2 0 years. High level of consumption: As the world becomes more developed, the amount of domestic water that each person used is expected to rise significantly. * Climate change will shrink the resources of fresh water   (a) Pollution and disease Global water consumption rose six fold between 1900 and 1995 more than double the rate of population growth – and goes on growing as farming, industry and domestic demand all increase. As important as quantity is quality – with pollution increasing in some areas, the amount of useable water declines.More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year, 10 times the number killed in wars around the globe. Seventy percent of water used world wide is used for agriculture, much more will be needed if we are to feed world’s growing population – predicted to rise from about six billion to 8. 9 billion by 2050. Consumption will star further as more people expect western – style lifestyle and die ts – one kilograms of grain fed beef needs at least 15 cubic meters of water, while a kilo of cereals needs only upto three cubic meters. b) Poverty and Water The poor are the ones who suffer most. Water shortage can mean long walks to fetch water, high price to buy it, food insecurity and disease from drinking dirty water. But the very thing needed to raise funds to tackle water problems in poor countries, economic development – requires yet more water to supply the agriculture and industries which drive it. The UN-backed World commission on water estimated in 2000 that an additional $100 billion a year would be needed to tackle water scarcity would wide.Even if the money can be found, spending it wisely is a further challenge. Dams and other large – scale projects now affect 60% of the world’s largest rivers and provide millions with water. As ground water is exploited, water tables in part of China, India, West Asia, the former Soviet Union and the Wes tern United States are dropping – in India by as much as 3 meters a year in 1999. (c) Melting of Glaciers Global warming is melting glaciers in every region of the world, putting millions of people at risk from floods, draughts and lack of drinking water.Glaciers are ancient rivers of compressed snow that creep through the landscape, shaping the planet’s surface. They are the Earth’s largest fresh water reservoir, collectively covering an area the size of South Antarctica. Glaciers have been retreating worldwide since the end of the little Ice Age (around 1850), but in recent decades glaciers have began melting at rates that cannot be explained by historical trends. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity, according to a new report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI).The report says that about one- quarter of the world’s population lives in areas where water is physically scare, while about one – six th of humanity over a billion people – live where water is economically scares, or places where â€Å"Water is available in rivers and aquifers, but the infrastructure is lacking to make thick water available to people. † In a world of unprecented wealth, almost two million children die-each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation.Millions of women and young girls are forced to spend hours collecting and carrying water, restricting their opportunities and their choices. Water – bone infectious diseases are growing in same of the world’s poorest countries. Human development reports 2006 investigates the underlying causes and consequences of a crisis that leaves 1. 2 billion people without access to safe water and 2. 6 billion without access to sanitation. In 2006 the International Management Institute, reported that water scarcity affected a full third of world population.In 2007 the Intergovernmental panel on climate change predict ed that due to climate change, the number of people facing water scarcity would grow. Other, too, say that there is a global water crisis, the availability of water is dwindling, the world is running out of the water. Solution of water scarcity (a) Water and Climate change Water scarcity is expected to become an even more important problem than it is today. There are several reasons for this: * First the distribution of precipitation in space and time is very uneven, leading to tremendous temporal variability in water resources worldwide (Oki et al. 003). For example, the Atacama Desert in Chile receives imperceptible annual quantities of rainfall where as Mawsynram, Assam, India receives over 450 inches annually. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for everyone, every year. * Second the rate of evaporation varies a great deal, depending on temperature and relative humidity, which impact the amount of water available to replenish ground water supplies.The combination of shorter duration but more intense rainfall (meaning more run off and less infiltration) combined with increased evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration form the earth’s land surface to atmosphere) and increased irrigation is expected to lead to ground water depletion. According to world bank, as many as two billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities to protect them from water – borne disease, while a billion lack access to clean water altogether.According to United States, which has declared 2005-15 the â€Å"Water for life† decade, 95 percent of the world cities still dump water sewage into their water supplies. Thus it should come as no surprise to know that 80 percent of all the health maladies in developing countries can be traced back to unsanitary water. Developed countries are not immune to fresh water problem either. Researcher found a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold increase in population size in the United States since 1900.Such a trend reflects the connection between higher living standards and increased water usage and underscores the need for more sustainable management and use of water supplies even in more developed societies. (b) Technical Solution New technology can help, however, especially by cleaning up pollution and so making more water useable, and in agriculture, where water use can be made for more efficient, drought – resistant plants can also help. Drip irrigation drastically cuts the amount of water needed, low-pressure sprinklers are an improvement, and even building simple earth walls to trap rainfall is helpful.Some countries are now treating wastewater so that it can be used – and drunk – several times over. Desalination makes seawater, but takes huge quantities of energy and leaves vast amount of brine. (c) Climate Change In any case, it is not just u s who need water, but every other species that shares the planet with us – as well as the ecosystems on which we, and they, rely. Climate change will also have an impact, some areas will probably benefit from increase rainfall, but other are likely to be loser. We have to rethink how much water we really need if we are to learn how to share the Earth’s supply.While dams and other large-scale schemes play a big role worldwide, there is also a growing recognition of the value of using the water already have more efficiently rather than harvesting ever more from our rivers and aquifers. For millions of people around the world, getting it right is a matter of life and death. (d) The hydrological Cycle The hydrological cycle begins with evaporation from the surface of ocean or land, continues as air carries the water vapour to locations where it forms clouds and eventually precipitates out.It then continues when the precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs o ff to the ocean, ready to begin the cycle over again in an endless loop. The amount of time needed for ground water to recharge can vary with the amount of intensity of precipitation. With world population expected to pass nine billion by mid-century, solutions to water scarcity problems are not going to come easy. Some have suggested that technology – such as large-scale salt water desalination plants – could generate more water for the world use.But environmentalists argue that depleting ocean water is no answer and will only create other big problems. In any case, research and development into improving desalination technologies is ongoing, especially in Saudi Arabia, Israel and Japan. Already an estimated 11,000 desalination plants exist in some 120 countries around the world. Water Management When we think about water scarcity, then, we should not be focusing on an absolute shortfall between the total needs of the earth’s population and the available supply , but on where the useable water is and what it costs to bring enough clean water to where people are.Applying market principles to water would facilitate a more efficient distribution of supply everywhere. Analysts at Harvard Middle East Water Project, for example, advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. They say such a approach could help mitigate the political and security tensions caused by water scarcity. Falling prices in membrane filtering technology (reverse osmosis) and advances in ultraviolet and ozone disinfections have led to a wide array of off – the shelf water technologies.Large companies such as GE, Siemens and Dow developed these technologies for consumer markets in industrial countries, spurred by the exploding market in bottled water, but they offer interesting spin-offs in developing countries. As individuals, we can also reign in our own water use to help conserve what is becoming an ever mo re precious resource. We can hold off on watering our lawns in times of drought. And when it does rain, we can gather gutter water in barrels to feed garden hoses and sprinklers. We can turn off the tapes while we brush our teeth or shave, and take shorter showers.In other world, â€Å"Doing more with less is the first and easiest step along the path toward water scarcity. † As a reliable and affordable technology, desalination has come of age in the last two decades. For Iceland cities such as Singapore, or for a new five star hotel on a Pacific atoll, a desalination plant is now standard technology. The cost of desalination has come down rapidly and now ranges from $ 0. 5 – 1. 00 per cubic meter, depending upon price of energy. This is a reasonable price for drinking water in a developed urban area or hotel where the impact on room prices will be only a few dollars per day.For agricultural purposes, however the value of water ranges from several cents per cubic meter to grow crop such as corn, wheat, rice or sugar cane, to half a dollar for intensive flower or vegetable production. Desalination is clearly not an economical option. Desalination is similarly impractical for poor people who live on less than $ 1 or $ 2 per day. Conclusion Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural source that sustains our environments and supports livelihood.Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. Present global water scarcity is defined as per capita supplies less than 1700 M3/year. Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity while another 1. 6 billion, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, fac e economic, water shortage. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now.The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. Causes of Global water crisis are – population growth, increased urbanization, high level of consumption and climate change which shrink the resources of fresh water, melting of glaciers. More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year around the Globe due to drinking polluted water. Underground water table is depleting on an average 3 meters a year as per research conducted in India. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity around the Globe.Almost two million children die each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for every one, every year. Technica l solutions of water scarcity around Globe are Drip irrigation, recycling of sewage water and to make it usable for agriculture, vegetables and bathroom purposes, scientific work over hydrological cycle formation, desalination of saline water, Increasing R. O. technology.We should advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh drinking water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. Individually every globe citizen should save water in bathing cooking, gardening i. e. their daily use purposes. References * Goudie, As (2006). Global Warming and Fluvial Geomorphology Volume 79, September 2006, 37th Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium – The human role in changing Fluvial Systems. * Huntington, T. G. (2005) Evidence for Intensification of the global water cycle: Review and Synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 319. * Konikow, Leonard et al. 2005). Ground water Depletion: A Global Problem. Hydrogeology (13). * Nearing, M. A. et al. (2005). Modeling Response of Soil Erosion and Run off to changes in Precipitation and cover. Catena, 61. * Oki, Taikan et al. (2006). Global hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources, Science; 313. * Vorasmarty, Charles et al. (2000). Global Water Resource: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Science, 289. * World Water Assessment Programme, 2003. Water for people, Water for life: The United Nations world water development report. UNESCO: Paris. Water Scarcity Abstract Well, human is facing a serious challenge of water resource which will be delectated. Therefore I collect some reference from Internet. My thesis is that I will use increase water supply as my original solution which transfers the salt sea water into fresh water. (Water solution methods in appendices)The purpose is searching how to reduce water scarcity in my country. Besides, I will talk about three issues the uneven distribution, water pollution and hard water in China, then I am supposed to provide one method which is desalination to dress the scarcity.My method can transport the 97% sea water to the fresh water in order to solve the water scarcity. Introduction Now people have witnessed the rapid development of the world through using a lot of nature resources like oil, coal and water. The environment problem becomes more serious, for example the 20 lakes in China dry up each year. Over the past 50 years country has lost more than 1000 natural water reservoirs. This is a lmost 10000 km2of the water surface. The main reason of this is the active development of industry.China overuses fresh water. Industrial waste water entering the lakes contains chemical compounds came from metallurgy, textile, pharmaceutical, food, pulp and paper industries. (G. T. Frumin, 2011)For the whole world, if people don’t have water, human cannot survive anymore. Absolutely, water is dominative in biosphere as a whole, like the water circulation, climate, agriculture and so forth. Every animal in the earth cannot alive without water; also water is an excellent solvent which can transport the nutrient and waste products.Actually, the water is transparent to visible and ultraviolet light. This means that (pure) water is colorless and allows light to penetrate, thus allowing photosynthesis to take place at considerable depths. That are why water is so important in biosphere. Let’s see the history of the water scarcity. If we trace the origin of the point, I thin k we can say the First Industry Revolution. After Britain open the world and do into a fast-paced development. Myriad resources have been used to invent the technologies, involving water.After that, many countries waste plenty of water in order to become stronger. Some now many countries are depleted the water. Hence, my purpose is searching how to reduce water scarcity in China. The thesis statement is that I will use method that increase water supply as my original method which transfer the salty water into fresh water. Methodology My topic is that discusses the issues and serves a practical method for the problem. In order to make the information convincing, I have found several websites information to embody the topic.I will search for issues, the uneven water distribution, water pollution, and hard water, and find some current action solving the problems. Then, I will suggest some laws and suggests for the water scarcity. Besides, I will use folder and charts to clear my inform ation. The research can me understand the problems and solution. It is because various and accurate information might indicate a significant number of factors about issues meanwhile tremendous detail also might confirm it. Finding Table 1. 0 water issues affecting China today |description |Current plan | |Issue 1 |Water is uneven distribute |transfer the water from south to the north | |Issue 2 |Water pollution |Harness and formulate more laws( organization) | |Issue 3 |Some water can not drink ( salty , hard) | Chemical reaction |As you can see from the table, although China is a big country, it still meets 3 main fresh water issues. Firstly, the amount of fresh water for everyone is very small. Although the China accounted for approximate 6% amount fresh water resource in the world, the average of each Chinese people is lower than the average of world (around 20%). It is because there is a substantial proportion of land in China (thirst in world) meanwhile there is a sizable perce ntage of population in china (about13 billion). China supports 20 percent of the world population with only 7 percent of its water.China has roughly the same amount of water as the United States but five times the population. The shortages are particularly acute in northern China where half the population lives with only 15 percent of China’s water. (Jeffrey Hays 2013) As a consequence, the fresh water resource might distribute unbalanced in difference areas in China. For example, in Beijing, Hangzhou, the big south cities in China, people have lot water, so they always waste the water and don’t build the awareness of saving water. But in some dry places, like Shanxi, the rural people even have no water to drink. It is unfair for people in those areas. Uneven distribution water graph in the appendices) Secondly, water pollution and water stress is reached a primary issue in a massive amount of city in China. Water shortages and water pollution in China are such a probl em that the World Bank warns of â€Å"catastrophic consequences for future generations. † To be more exact that there were total of 600 cities was investigated and around 400 cities witnessed huge water pollution or water stress. Half of China’s population lacks safe drinking water. Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. Jeffrey Hays 2012) Ultimately, another water issue is that there is a considerable quantity of water which cannot be used efficiently by numerous citizen and manufacture. For example, the water is too hard to drink. In my hometown, Zhengzhou, the water is hard, if the water is boiling, there always lefts a lot of water logging which means the water contains many Ca and Mg. In America, since 1972, they have published the law about the water scarcity and safety. But China doesn’t have the completely law to limit the water scarcity. There have three methods to solve all the problems.According to uneven water distribution, China has run a method that transports the water from rich south area to the poor north area. Thus, people who live in north can have more water. Second, here are many solutions are suggested in China. A famous project named South-to-North Water Diversion Project (NSBD. 2008,) is established in 2000s in China which is used to relive the water stress of northern areas like Shanxi; meanwhile a significant number of money is invested to clean the water which had contaminated and project the recent fresh water.Third, the water in many cities cannot eat because it is hard and salty. So, China now uses some chemical to moderate the hard water and spill some wells to help people drink more fresh water. Discussion I prefer to increase water supply as my original solution . People now have invented many ways to address the scarcity of water problems. I have discussed three in my finding. According to the fir st issue which is the uneven water distribution, I think the desalination method is the most useful way, and I believe it can solve the problem of the shortage of the water.Water desalination is the removal of salts and dissolved solids from saline water (brackish or seawater), also known as Desalting or Desalinization. In addition to the removal of minerals, the process removes most biological or organic chemical compounds. Most desalination processes are based either on thermal distillation or membrane separation technologies. (SWP2011) Seawater desalination is an increasingly important solution to the rising water scarcity afflicting many of the world's regions. In the world, the proportion of sea water is 97. 47%, the fresh water is only 2. 3%. So if human can transfer this huge amount sea water to fresh water, human will have more fresh water to drink, and survive. Many countries like mid eat and more than 125 countries have attempted these way, because it is economical and eff icient. More than 70 % people live near the sea in 120 miles. Besides, the water in the earth is 78%. Thus, it is a really large number for the water scarcity. Human can use less money and get more water in the future. The countries have experimented many times and this method has become more perfect. Conclusion and RecommendationIn the statement of findings, I created a new solution of using fresh water effectively, I believe it will be enacted by government, because this solution needs a few investments, but it might a huge advantage of making more fresh water in the future. Through using desalination methods, people can transfer the 97% sea water into fresh water for people. As I said, it is a huge potential area for water scarcity. If these can completely use in China, people in the dry areas will have water to drink and survive. Reference G. T. Frumin (2011) Fresh water lakes in China. [Online]. Available at: http://wenku. baidu. om/view/9d4aa2be65ce050876321339. html [Accessed 9 March 2013] Jeffrey Hays (2013) FACTS AND DETAILS [Online]. Available at: http://factsanddetails. com/china. php? itemid=317 [Accessed 9 March 2013] Jeffrey Hay (2012) FACTS AND DETAILS [Online] Available at: http://factsanddetails. com/china. php? itemid=391 [Accessed 9 March 2013] NSBD (2008) China daily [Online] Available at: http://usa. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-12/05/content_15989621. htm [Accessed 9 March 2013] SWP (2011) International decade for action ‘water for life’ 2005-2015 [Online]. Available at: http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. html [Accessed 9 March 2013] Appendices Chart 2. 0 Water supply in the world [pic] Table 2. 0 Water solution | |Water supply |Water demand | |Increase water supply |increase |same | |Decrease water supply |same |decrease | |both |increase |decrease |

The Short Second Life of Bree Tanner Chapters 5

â€Å"Everyone knows that old-timey vampires had to stay in coffins during the day,† I went on. â€Å"To keep out of the sun. That's common knowledge, Diego.† â€Å"You're right. Al the stories do say that.† â€Å"And what would Riley gain by locking us up in a lightproof basement – one big group coffin – al day, anyway? We just demolish the place, and he has to deal with al the fighting, and it's constant turmoil. You can't tel me he enjoys it.† Something I'd said surprised him. He sat with his mouth open for a second, then closed it. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Common knowledge,† he repeated. â€Å"What do vampires do in coffins al day?† â€Å"Er – oh yeah, they're supposed to sleep, right? But I guess they're probably just lying there bored, 'cause we don't†¦ Okay, so that part's wrong.† â€Å"Yeah. In the stories they're not just asleep, though. They're total y unconscious. They can't wake up. A human can walk right up and stake them, no problem. And that's another thing – stakes. You real y think someone could shove a piece of wood through you?† I shrugged. â€Å"I haven't real y thought about it. I mean, not a normal piece of wood, obviously. Maybe sharpened wood has some kind of†¦ I don't know. Magical properties or something.† Diego snorted. â€Å"Please.† â€Å"Wel, I don't know. I wouldn't just hold stil while some human ran at me with a filed broom handle, anyway.† Diego – stil with a sort of disgusted look on his face, as if magic were real y such a reach when you're a vampire – rol ed to his knees and started clawing into the limestone above his head. Tiny stone shards fil ed his hair, but he ignored them. â€Å"What are you doing?† â€Å"Experimenting.† He dug with both hands until he could stand upright, and then kept going. â€Å"Diego, you get to the surface, you explode. Stop it.† â€Å"I'm not trying to – ah, here we go.† There was a loud crack, and then another crack, but no light. He ducked back down to where I could see his face, with a piece of tree root in his hand, white, dead, and dry under the clumps of dirt. The edge where he'd broken it was a sharp, uneven point. He tossed it to me. â€Å"Stake me.† I tossed it back. â€Å"Whatever.† â€Å"Seriously. You know it can't hurt me.† He lobbed the wood to me; instead of catching it, I batted it back. He snagged it out of the air and groaned. â€Å"You are so†¦ superstitious!† â€Å"I am a vampire. If that doesn't prove that superstitious people are right, I don't know what does.† â€Å"Fine, I'l do it.† He held the branch away from himself dramatical y, arm extended, like it was a sword and he was about to impale himself. â€Å"C'mon,† I said uneasily. â€Å"This is sil y.† â€Å"That's my point. Here goes nothing.† He crushed the wood into his chest, right where his heart used to beat, with enough force to punch through a granite slab. I was total y frozen with panic until he laughed. â€Å"You should see your face, Bree.† He sifted the splinters of broken wood through his fingers; the shattered root fel to the floor in mangled pieces. Diego brushed at his shirt, though it was too trashed from al the swimming and digging for the attempt to do any good. We'd both have to steal more clothes the next time we got a chance. â€Å"Maybe it's different when a human does it.† â€Å"Because you felt so magical when you were human?† â€Å"I don't know, Diego,† I said, exasperated. â€Å"I didn't make up al those stories.† He nodded, suddenly more serious. â€Å"What if the stories are exactly that? Made up.† I sighed. â€Å"What difference does it make?† â€Å"Not sure. But if we're going to be smart about why we're here – why Riley brought us to her, why she's making more of us – then we have to understand as much as we possibly can.† He frowned, every trace of laughter total y gone from his face now. I just stared back at him. I didn't have any answers. His face softened just a little. â€Å"This helps a lot, you know. Talking about it. Helps me focus.† â€Å"Me, too,† I said. â€Å"I don't know why I never thought about any of this before. It seems so obvious. But working on it together†¦ I don't know. I can stay on track better.† â€Å"Exactly.† Diego smiled at me. â€Å"I'm real y glad you came out tonight.† â€Å"Don't get al gooey on me now.† â€Å"What? You don't want to be† – he widened his eyes and his voice went up an octave – â€Å"BFFs?† He laughed at the goofy expression. I rol ed my eyes, not total y sure if he was making fun of the expression or of me. â€Å"C'mon, Bree. Be my bestest bud forever. Please?† Stil teasing, but his wide smile was natural and†¦ hopeful. He held out his hand. This time I went for a real high five, not realizing until he caught my hand and held it that he'd intended anything else. It was shockingly weird to touch another person after a whole life – because the last three months were my whole life – of avoiding any kind of contact. Like touching a sparking downed power line, only to find out that it felt nice. The smile on my face felt a little lopsided. â€Å"Count me in.† â€Å"Excel ent. Our own private club.† â€Å"Very exclusive,† I agreed. He stil had my hand. Not shaking it, but not exactly holding it, either. â€Å"We need a secret handshake.† â€Å"You can be in charge of that one.† â€Å"So the super-secret best friends club is cal ed to order, al present, secret handshake to be devised at a later date,† he said. â€Å"First order of business: Riley. Clueless? Misinformed? Or lying?† His eyes were on mine as he spoke, wide and sincere. There was no change as he said Riley's name. In that instant, I was sure there was nothing to the stories about Diego and Riley. Diego had just been around more than the others, nothing more. I could trust him. â€Å"Add this to the list,† I said. â€Å"Agenda. As in, what is his?† â€Å"Bul ‘s-eye. That's exactly what we've got to find out. But first, another experiment.† â€Å"That word makes me nervous.† â€Å"Trust is an essential part of the whole secret club gig.† He stood up into the extra ceiling space he'd just carved out and started digging again. In a second, his feet were dangling while he held himself up with one hand and excavated with the other. â€Å"You better be digging for garlic,† I warned him, and backed up toward the tunnel that led to the sea. â€Å"The stories aren't real, Bree,† he cal ed to me. He pul ed himself higher into the hole he was making, and the dirt continued to rain down. He was going to fil in his hidey-hole at this rate. Or flood it with light, which would make it even more useless. I slid most of the way into the escape channel, just my fingertips and eyes above the edge. The water only came up to my hips. It would take me just the smal est fraction of a second to disappear into the darkness below. I could spend a day not breathing. I'd never been a fan of fire. This might have been because of some buried childhood memory, or maybe it was more recent. Becoming a vampire was enough fire to last me. Diego had to be close to the surface. Once again, I struggled with the idea of losing my new and only friend. â€Å"Please stop, Diego,† I whispered, knowing he would probably laugh, knowing he wouldn't listen. â€Å"Trust, Bree.† I waited, unmoving. â€Å"Almost†¦,† he muttered. â€Å"Okay.† I tensed for the light, or the spark, or the explosion, but Diego dropped back down while it was stil dark. In his hand he had a longer root, a thick snaky thing that was almost as tal as me. He gave me an I-told-you-so kind of look. â€Å"I'm not a completely reckless person,† he said. He gestured to the root with his free hand. â€Å"See – precautions.† With that, he stabbed the root upward into his new hole. There was a final avalanche of pebbles and sand as Diego dropped back onto his knees, getting out of the way. And then a beam of bril iant light – a ray about the thickness of one of Diego's arms – pierced the darkness of the cave. The light made a pil ar from the ceiling to the floor, shimmering as the drifting dirt sifted through it. I was icy-stil, gripping the ledge, ready to drop. Diego didn't jerk away or cry out in pain. There was no smel of smoke. The cave was a hundred times lighter than it had been, but it didn't seem to affect him. So maybe his story about shade trees was true. I watched him careful y as he knelt beside the pil ar of sunlight, motionless, staring. He seemed fine, but there was a slight change to his skin. A kind of movement, maybe from the settling dust, that reflected the gleam. It looked almost like he was glowing a little. Maybe it wasn't the dust, maybe it was the burning. Maybe it didn't hurt, and he'd realize it too late†¦. Seconds passed as we stared at the daylight, motionless. Then, in a move that seemed both absolutely expected and also completely unthinkable, he held out his hand, palm up, and stretched his arm toward the beam. I moved faster than I could think, which was pretty dang fast. Faster than I'd ever moved before. I tackled Diego into the back wal of the dirt-fil ed little cave before he could reach that one last inch to put his skin in the light.